Improving The Care Of The Elderly - 1305 Words

Evidenced Based Practice for Quality Improvement The purpose of this paper is to discuss how to improve the care of the elderly. In greater detail, I will be discussing fall and fall-risk programs. Fall programs are an essential key when it comes to caring for the elderly. Prevention is the first essential step in the prevention of falls. Falls among the elderly are a common problem, which may result in serious physical, psychological, and financial problems for the patient who has fallen, their family, and care-giving staff (Burland, Martens, Brownell, Doupe, Fuchs, 2013). As we age, even the simplest accident or fall can prove to be a life threatening ordeal. Age Related Challenges As the human body ages, a series of physiological changes begin to take place in a common series of events which may be a precursor to falling and falling related injuries. One of these physical degradations relates to the loss of bone density in the skeletal system. Among other numerous changes occurring that could help facilitate in a fall include loss of vision, impaired mobility as well as overall cognitive function. When providing care to a patient who presents a fall risk status, there are measures that can be taken to prevent injuries. Such measures include utilizing bed-exit alarms; call lights for immediate assistance; color coded socks and arm bands for staff awareness. Various learning material provided to staff can educate them on how to recognize and addressShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Quality Assurance And Performance Improvement1558 Words   |  7 Pagesimprove the care of the elderly population, especially in nursing homes. Throughout the paper, the general changes that the older adults go through their life will be discussed. Overview of five articles that are related to the elements of Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement (QAPI) will be given. Furthermore, this paper will examine physical and emotional changes that elderly go through. It will also focus on quality and improvement initiatives that can take place in different care facilitiesRead MoreHospital Readmission Rates Among The Elderly Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesHospital readmission rates among the elderly are steadily becoming a growing topic of concern. Robinson, Esquivel, and Vlahov (2012) describe readmission or re-hospitalization as a return to the hospital shortly after discharge from a recent hospital stay (p. 338). The elderly, defined as 60 years of age and older, account for the highest hospital readmission rates in comparison to other age groups (Robinson, Esquivel, Vlahov, 2012). With medical advances, life expectancy is on the r ise, whichRead MoreThe Elderly are Changing the Face of Health Care Essay598 Words   |  3 PagesThe elderly aged 65 and older are the leading users of healthcare services nationwide. As the older Americans is an asset to the country, the increasingly aging population is a challenge. In 2050, the number of Americans aged 65 and older is projected to be 88.5 million, more than double its projected population of 40.2 million in 2010 (Vincent, and Velcoff). It is important to recognize the growth of the aging population, with the increasing health care costs and health care services that areRead MoreThe Problem Of Health Care Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care in our country is currently undergoing radical change. Reform is steering progress towards a more patient-centered approach. As a result, there is an intense focus in health care on meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs). While the health care arena looks to the future by aiming for automation, there is a chance that our elderly population, the largest users of medical products and services, may be left behind. Some experts believe that there is a â€Å"digital divide† occurringRead MoreInformation And Identify Preliminary Issues Of Cardiac Rehabilitation Program1238 Words   |  5 Pagesa short time. However, despite the benefits of the cardiac rehabilitation program, it has many issues and questions are still unresolved. One of the most pressing question is the program’s efficacy and feasibility to the general public and to the elderly, especially women. Another issue that must be addressed is the regulations of Medicaid and Medicare regarding the cardiac rehabilitation program. Finally, the issue of quality of the program that a local hospital can provide to the public. Step 2:Read MoreThe Ethics Of Age Based Rationing977 Words   |  4 Pageshealth of a family family member. Nobody wants to see a loved one go through the pain and suffering of a disease or illness and to also be left with the burden of facing the most difficult choices you will ever have to make regarding their medical care. Life extending medical technology and procedures are extremely expensive. A recent Mount Sinai School of Medicine study found out that out of pocket expenses for Medicare recipients during the five years before their death amount to about $39,000Read MoreThe Social Welfare And Import Trade Of Britain And China1322 Words   |  6 Pagesby increasing the production inputs, labour inputs and technology investment, and promoting economic development. At the same time, with the continuous development of economy, countries ensure the harmonious development of society by continuously improving the country s social welfare system, solving the problem of living in cert ain groups. China and UK are import and export trading powers, and in terms of social welfare there is a huge difference, Britain has a relatively sound social welfare systemRead MoreBeing Mortal By Atul Gawande1329 Words   |  6 Pagesof the realities faced by the elderly in the US nowadays: declining health status, economic insecurity, and loss of independence. It seems once the older people move into nursing homes or assisted living facilities, they lose autonomy, dignity and privacy as the institutions are not able to fully individualize care. Even though the situation has been improving, it still shocks me to see how unhappy some of the elderly are in these circumstances. Realizing senior care facilities often fail to addressRead MoreNursing Paper: Gerontological and Geriatric Nursing1702 Words   |  7 Pages 1. End of Life Issues and the Elderly (2) Identify and discuss the role of the nurse in providing family centred care to an elderly client who is palliative and living at home with his/her spouse or another family member. Palliative care is an approach to provide a coordinated medical, nursing, and allied health service to address the patients physical, social emotional and spiritual needs for people with progressive incurable illness. Palliative care seeks to deliver allied health serviceRead MoreKeeping Healthcare Affordable For All Citizens Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesaffordable for all citizens is important. Every person in this country should have the basic right to health care. The article Rights to Healthcare in the United States: Inherently Unstable discuss the rights people should have for healthcare as well as how Medicare and Medicaid came about. This paper discusses some points I agreed with in the article and different ways our country can improve health care. Reflection Paper Module Three After four decades of failure to enact a universal healthcare program

Roosevelt and Isolationism - 5742 Words

From Isolationism to War Patrick Williams Dr. B.G. McDonald HIE 366 15 April 2011 On 7 December 1941, shortly after seven in the morning, Japanese airmen, amidst the cries of Banzai, commenced the bombing of Pearl Harbour, leaving them to wonder if the Americans had ever heard of the 1904 surprise attack on the Russian Naval base at Port Arthur. In less than twenty-four hours after the Japanese aggression, United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt would address the congress: Yesterday, December 7, 1941 - a date which will live in infamy - the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.... I ask that the Congress†¦show more content†¦Hull based his assumptions on the fact that if countries could trade freely their economies would become interdependent that they could not risk going to war.[17] While his immediate hopes were dashed as a result of FDRs bombshell telegram at the 1933 London Conference, Hull was able to extract from the Congress Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act in 1934.[18] Hulls multilateral plans were tempered by the FDR administrationss preference towards a bilateral agreements and nationalistic policies. It is not surprising that FDRs policy reflected a tendency towards nationalist posture. Considering the recent past, historical precedence, public opinion and an influential isolationist senate governmental policies reflected the rejection of Wilsons ideali sm. The factors contributing to American isolationism are varied and at times controversial. Consider political scientist Samuel Lubells thesis that ethnic minorities were the impetus for interwar isolationism.[19] Lubell argues that Americans of German, Irish, Scandinavian, and Italian origin, for a variety of reasons, felt embittered over the outcome of World War I, and reacted strongly against Democratic attempts to an international approach to world affairs (which would be decidedly pro-British and anti-German, anti-Italian).[20] However, it is commonly asserted that: ...most historians have found itShow MoreRelatedThe Roosevelt Administration : Prioritizing Domestic Over Foreign Policy1441 Words   |  6 PagesThe Franklin D. Roosevelt Administration: Prioritizing Domestic over Foreign Policy Juna Kalo Charles Kraus HIST 2340W November 5, 2014 Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the 32nd President of the United States, was elected into office in 1932, a time of economic recession as a result of the New York stock market crash of 1929. During his vice presidential campaign, FDR had run on a platform that endorsed the League of Nations. However as a newly inaugurated President Roosevelt had to face theRead MoreTo what extent did the goals of American foreign policy change in the years 1930-1941? For what reasons did these goals change?1205 Words   |  5 Pagesforeign policy changed in the years 1930-1941 as Americans realized that fascism would likely conquer all of Europe unless Americans acted quickly. Ultimately, it was fear of the fascist threat to American democracy that triggered the end of American isolationism and inaugurated the era of American interventionism. World War I had left a bitter taste in the mouths of many Americans; many believed that the U.S. had been tricked into joining the war for the wrong reasons, and they were determined to avoidRead MoreAmerica s Position On World War II1273 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica’s position on the policy of Neutrality â€Å"Isolationism† and U.S attack military weapons and also the Japanese attack on Pearl harbor before WWII. The policy of Neutrality â€Å"Isolationism† America s policy of neutrality and isolationism changed after the Japanese attack on Harbor. It all started in 1930 in world war 1 the great depression, when people lost their live in the battle to push the american public to the policy toward isolationism. The European and Asian were involved in the conflictRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagesthose rights and keep them† (The Four Freedoms). Prior to the U.S. entry into World War II, the American people were reluctant of being involved with the affairs of the world. Through a turn events and the persuasive actions of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the country was re-geared for mobilization and war against tyranny in whichever form it presented itself. The President delivered many great speeches that brought the United States to global involvement with the use of early national media and propagandaRead MoreUs Isolationism 1919-411343 Words   |  6 Pages the American public were complete ly against becoming entangled in another European war which would cost American soldier’s lives and be expensive to the economy; this was a feeling which also ran through Congress. The feeling became known as ‘isolationism’. An isolationist policy meant that it focused on domestic affairs and disregarded international issues. During the period, particularly as World War Two grew nearer, it became increasingly difficult for US foreign policy to avoid becoming involvedRead MorePowerhouse of World War II, United States and Great Britain Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pagescelebrate and mourn those they had lost in the Second World War. The United States On the Home front in The United States the production of weapons and war related supplies were fundamental in defending and defeating any threats. Franklin D. Roosevelt believed the mass production of weapons would â€Å"energize America and frighten the enemy† setting an â€Å"impossible† goal for the American people to fulfill in 1942, however, by â€Å"1943 the organization was in place to maximize American industrial might†Read MoreThe United States And Foreign Policy881 Words   |  4 Pageswas isolated from the rest of the world, and its foreign policy reflected these ideas and beliefs. The United States was on its way to becoming a world power and advancing its own interest in the world, especially in the North and South America. Isolationism caused the United States to avoid being involved in other countries politics and for the U.S. to remain neutral in foreign policy Americans in the 19th century were more interested in domestic events than the affairs of foreign countries. EconomicRead MoreAmerican Diplomacy That Kissinger Notes And What Makes American Diplomatic History Unique?1466 Words   |  6 Pagesyourself as a realist or an idealist in regards to American foreign policy?† â€Å"What unique factors contribute to American expansionism and isolationism?† The inherent tensions in American diplomacy, in the twentieth century, that Kissinger notes, are foreign policy, the balance of power system, and the conflicts and ideas of Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt. Foreign policy was a tension in American diplomacy because America had two conflicting stances towards foreign policy. The first stanceRead More America in World War Two Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages Leading into the American involvement in World War II, American ideas were harsh. The United States turned to isolationism instead of involvement. Most Americans opposed taking a role in the war. Many even opposed any aid to help those countries who were in war. The diplomacy of isolationism quickly changed after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. America suddenly was thrown into the warfront. During World War II many ways and ideas of theRead MoreThe War I Was A Good Leader Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesstep forward as far as isolationism. Then his cons would be that he had introduced deficit spending, served 4 terms and the completely unnecessary japanese internment camps. I think my liberal parents were mostly correct in deeming FDR a GREAT leader, though he had some real faults. He did not crash the economy. Partly by giving Americans hope again, also by using the power of the Federal Government to create low-paying jobs for millions of unemployed Americans. Roosevelt probably rescued American

The Carl Roger Concept Free Essays

PP 8203 Practicum III Fall 2007 INSTRUCTOR: |Marjorie Witty | PHONE: |(312) 777-7702 | EMAIL: |mwitty@argosy. edu | FAX: | | ALT PHONE: |(773) 327-1046 | REQUIRED TEXTS: |Title |Client-centered therapy:   Its current practice, implications and theory | |Author(s) |Rogers, Carl R. |Copyright |1951/ 2003 | |Publisher |Houghton Mifflin/ Constable Robinson, Ltd. We will write a custom essay sample on The Carl Roger Concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now | |ISBN |1841198404   | |Edition |   | Title |Embracing nondirectivity | |Author(s) |Levitt, B. (Ed. ) | |Copyright |2005 | |Publisher |Ross-on-Wye, UK:   PCCS Books www. pccs-books. co. k | |ISBN | 898059683 | |Edition |2005 | This Course Requires the Purchase of a Course Packet: YES NO RECOMMENDED READINGS |Title |Person-centered therapy: A revolutionary paradigm | |Author(s) |Bozarth, J. D. | |Copyright | | |Publisher |Ross-on-Wye, UK:   PCCS Books www. pccs-books. co. uk | |ISBN |1898059225 | |Edition |1998 | Title |The tribes of the person-centred nation: An introduction to the schools of therapy related to the person-centered approach. | |Author(s) |Sanders, P. (Ed. ), | |Copyright | | |Publisher |Ross-on-Wye, UK:   PCCS Books www. pccs-books. co. k | |ISBN |1898059608 | |Edition | | Argosy University Illinois School of Professional Psychology Doctoral Practicum III PP 8203 Fall 2007 Syllabus Instructor: Marjorie Witty, Ph. D. Phone: (312) 777-7702 E-mail: mwitty@argosy. edu Office: 1325 Office hours: Tuesday 1:00 – 3:00; Thursday 10:00 – 12:00 Class meetings: Mondays, 3:30 – 4:45 Required readings Levitt, B. E. (2005). Embracing Nondirectivity. Ross on Rye, UK: PCCS Books. ISBN: 1 898059 68 3. Available from: www. pccs-books. co. uk (On reserve) (EN) Rogers, Carl R. (1951) Client-centered therapy: Its current practice, implications and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Newer edition: Constable Robinson, Ltd. (2003). ISBN 1841198404. (On reserve) Wampold, B. E. (2001) The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Articles as assigned will be forwarded to you through e-mail. This course does not require the purchase of a course packet. (O) in the syllabus denotes available online or through e-mail, EN refers to Levitt text. CRR refers to Kirschenbaum Henderson’s The Carl Rogers Reader available in Library. Recommended Books (see attached bibliography at end of syllabus. Learning Objectives 1. Achievement of competence in empathic following response process, as assessed by performance in taped therapy sessions. 2. Expanding self-awareness of personal reactions and feelings during the therapy sessions measured by class discussion and students’ self-reports in the comments submitted with each of their therapy tapes. 3. Mastery of basic theory of client-centered therapy (or other orientation) through completion of all assigned readings; assessed by students’ transcript commentaries, participation in discussion. 4. Increased ability to evaluate one’s own work as a novice therapist, assessed by final self-evaluation and submission of CEC in Spring 2008. Required Assignments: Each term you will be required to present your taped session with a client from your site. Bring an audible tape. Inaudible or hard-to-hear tapes are not acceptable. Check your tape before presenting! Provide a transcript of 20 minutes of the session (any 20 minute segment is fine, but cue up your tape to coincide with the transcript before class. Bring a case conceptualization of 2 – 3 pages. Format will be covered in class. Be sure to obtain a good tape recorder from the library or bring your own on the day you are assigned to present. Schedule of presentations will be determined on the first day of class. Grading and evaluation policy Therapy practicum seminars are graded â€Å"credit/no credit. † In order to successfully complete your practicum, you must receive credit from your site supervisor, from your seminar instructor and pass your Clinical Evaluation Competency (CEC) in Spring 08. The main method of evaluation will be the comments you and I make about your tape assignments and my assessment of success in implementing the necessary and sufficient attitudinal conditions set forth by Carl Rogers. If you are having problems with the assignments, please see me to discuss the difficulty. Attendance at all classes is required. Course Outline, Readings, and Assignments September 10 Introduction to Seminar. Assignments for tape presentations. Required readings for September 10th to be read before the first class: Rogers, C. R. (1951) The attitude and orientation of the counselor. Chapter 2 of Client-centered therapy. (On reserve) Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. (CRR, pp. 219-235). September 17 Tape Presentation 1: Defining practice; goals of therapy. Evaluating progress. Required readings: Brodley, B. T. Client-centered therapy: An expressive therapy. (O) Brodley, B. T. Empathic understanding: Observations of a CC practice (O) Brodley, B. T. Instructions for the clinical interview. (O) (http://adpca. org/articles. html) September 24 Discussion: Ethics Confidentiality and its limits; taping/transcribing and disposition of records. Therapeutic boundaries. Required reading: Brodley, B. T. Ethics in psychotherapy. (handout) October 1 Tape Presentation 2: October 8 Discussion: Empathy, unconditional positive regard Required readings: Witty, M. , Raskin, N. J. , Rogers, C. R.. (in press). Client-Centered Therapy. In Corsini Wedding (Eds. ), Current Psychotherapies. Excerpt of session by Brodley w/ commentary by Witty (O) October 15 Tape Presentation 3: October 22 Discussion: Congruence: A frequently misunderstood condition Required readings: Brodley, B. T. (1998/2001). Congruence and its relation to communication in client-centered therapy. The Person-Centered Journal, 5(2), 83-116. (In the library) October 29 Tape Presentation 4 November 5 Multiculturalism Diversity Issues Required readings: Glauser Bozarth, J. D. (2001). Person-centered counseling: The culture within. Journal of Counseling Development, 07489633, Spring2001, Vol. 79, Issue 2 Database: Academic Search Elite Mier, S. Witty, M. Considerations of race and culture in the practice of non-directive client-centered therapy. In Carl Rogers Counsels a Black Client. (O) (on reserve) Knopf, N. Working with gay couples. Witty, M. (2005). Nondirectiveness and the problem of influence. (EN) November 12 Tape Presentation 5 November 19 Chronic Mental Illness and the significantly impaired Required readings: Sommerbeck, L. (2005). Nondirective therapy with clients diagnosed with a mental illness. (EN) Wilders, S. (2005) An exploration of nondirective work with drug and alcohol users. (EN) Recommended: Prouty, G. 1994) Theoretical evolutions in person-centered/experiential therapy: Applications to schizophrenic and retarded psychoses. Westport, CN: Praeger. (On reserve) Prouty, G. , Van Werde, D. Portner, M. (2002). Pre-therapy: Reaching contact-impaired clients. Ross on Wye, UK: PCCS Books. (On reserve) Shlien, J. M. (1961/2003). A client-centered approach to schizophrenia: First approximation. In A. Burton (Ed. ), The Psychotherapy of the Psychoses (pp. 285- 317). New York: Basic Books. Also in To Lead an Honorable Life: Invitations to think about Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach. Edited by P. Sanders. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. (On reserve) November 26 Tape Presentation 6 December 3 How clients make therapy work. Required readings: Brodley, B. T. (in press). Non-directivity in client-centered therapy. (O) Bohart, A. C. Chapters from How Clients Make Therapy Work. Recommended: Bohart, A. C. Tallman, K. (1999) How clients make therapy work. Washington, D. C. : APA. December 10 CCT case conceptualization and prep for CEC. Required reading: Rogers, C. R. (1961) Ellen West—and Loneliness. (in CRR, pp. 157-168) Shlien, John M. (1987/2003) A Countertheory of Transference. Person-Centered Review, 2 (1), 15-49. Reprinted in Shlien, J. M. (2003). To Lead an Honorable Life: Invitations to think about Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach. Edited by P. Sanders. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books. (O)(also on reserve) Program Outcomes: The Doctoral program in Clinical Psychology at Argosy University, Chicago Campus is an APA accredited program (APA, 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002, 202-336-5500). This program is designed to educate and train students so that they may eventually be able to function effectively as clinical psychologists. To ensure that students are prepared adequately, the curriculum provides for the meaningful integration of heory, training and practice. The Clinical Psychology program at Argosy University Chicago Campus emphasizes the development of attitudes, knowledge, and skills essential in the formation of professional psychologists who are committed to the ethical provision of quality services. Specific objectives of the program include the following: †¢ Goal 1: Prepare profe ssional psychologists to accurately, effectively, and ethically select, administer, score, interpret, and communicate findings of appropriate assessment methods informed by accepted psychometric standards and sensitive to the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. OBJECTIVE 1A: ACCURATELY AND ETHICALLY ADMINISTER AND SCORE VARIOUS PSYCHODIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS. o Objective 1b: Accurately interpret and synthesize assessment data in the context of diversity factors, referral questions, and specific objectives of the assessment, and organize and communicate results in writing and orally. o Objective 1c: Examine psychometric properties of psychological assessment instruments, and use that knowledge to evaluate, select, administer, and interpret psychological tests and measures appropriate for the client, the referral question, and the objectives of the assessment. Goal 2: Prepare professional psychologists to select, implement, and evaluate psychological interventions consistent w ith current ethical, evidence-based, and professional standards, within a theoretical framework, and with sensitivity to the interpersonal processes of the therapeutic relationship and the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. o Objective 2a: Synthesize the foundations of clinical psychology, including psychopathology, human development, diagnosis, diversity, ethics, and various therapeutic models in clinical applications. Objective 2b: Select, plan, and implement ethical and evidence-based interventions with sensitivity to the diverse characteristics and needs of clients. o Objective 2c: Demonstrate knowledge, skills, and attitudes to effectively implement and participate in psychological consultation and supervision. Objective 2d: Demonstrate personal development and self-reflective capacity, including growth of interpersonal skills, and therapeutic relationships. †¢ Goal 3: Prepare professional psychologists to analyze the complexity and multidimensionality of human diversity, and emonstrate the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to understand diverse worldviews and the potential meaning of social, cultural, and individual differences for professional psychological services. †¢ Goal 4: Prepare professional psychologists to examine the historical context and the current body of knowledge of biological, cognitive, affective, developmental, and social bases of human functioning. †¢ Goal 5: Prepare professional psychologists to critically evaluate the current and evolving body of scholarly literature in psychology to inform professional practice. Disability Statement It is the policy of the Argosy University/Chicago to make reasonable accommodations for qualified students with disabilities, in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). If a student with disabilities needs accommodations to complete the instructor’s course requirements, the student must notify the Director of Student Services. Procedure for documenting student disability and the development of reasonable accommodation will be provided to students upon request. Students will be notified by the Director of Student Services when each request for accommodation is approved or denied in writing via a designated form. It is the student’s responsibility to present the form (at his or her discretion) to the instructor in order to receive the requested accommodations in class. In an effort to protect student privacy, Student Services will not discuss the accommodation needs of any student with instructors. Instructor’s Note: If you choose not to disclose that you have a disability which affects your academic or clinical performance, then you are taking full responsibility for any related consequences which may occur. I cannot accommodate what I don’t know about. You need not disclose the diagnosis or the nature of the disability itself, you need only bring me your accommodation letter. Disclosing a disability after an assignment is due is too late to be helpful for that assignment although accommodations can be made from that point forward. Academic dishonesty/plagiarism statement The University seeks to foster a spirit of honesty and integrity. Any work submitted by a student must represent original work produced by that student. Any source used by a student must be documented through normal scholarly references and citations, and the extent to which any sources have been used must be apparent to the reader. The University further considers resubmission of a work produced for one course in a subsequent course or the submission of work done partially or entirely by another to be academic dishonesty. It is the student’s responsibility to seek clarification from the course instructor about how much help may be received in completing an assignment or exam or project and what sources may be used. Students found guilty of academic dishonesty or plagiarism shall be subject to disciplinary action up to and including dismissal from the University. Technology Statement The University encourages the use of technology throughout the curriculum. This course uses methods such as email communication, videotapes and online syllabus and assignments. Save this syllabus Retain a copy of the syllabus as documentation of coursework that might be needed for licensure. This page is to be turned in to your instructor. It will be held by your instructor until after the grade appeal time allotment. PP8203 Practicum Seminar III Fall 2007 I, ____________________________________, have read this syllabus and understand the course requirements. Date: _____________________________________ Note: many of these readings can be found online or will be on reserve in the library. You are only required to obtain the books listed at the top of the syllabus. Recommended Readings: Asay T. P. , Lambert M. J. (1999). The empirical case for the common factors in therapy: Quantitative findings. In M. A. Hubble, B. L. Duncan, S. D. Miller (Eds. ), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp. 3-55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Bohart, A. C. (2004). How do clients make empathy work? Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 3(2), 102-116. Bozarth, J. D. (1998). Person-centered therapy: A revolutionary paradigm. Ross on Wye, UK: PCCS Books. (On reserve) Brodley, B. T. (1999b). A client-centered demonstration in Hungary. In I. Fairhurst, Women Writing in th e Person-Centered Approach, (pp. 85-92). Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Brodley, B. T. (1997). The nondirective attitude in client-centered therapy. Person-Centered Journal, 4(1), 18-30. Brodley, B. T. 1999a). Reasons for responses expressing the therapist’s frame of reference in client-centered therapy. Person-Centered Journal, 6(1), 4–27. Brodley, B. T. (2000). Client-centered: An expressive therapy. In J. Marques-Teixeira S. Antunes (Eds. ), Client centered and experiential psychotherapy (pp. 133-147). Linda a Velha, Portugal: Vale Vale. Brodley, B. T. (2001). Congruence and its relation to communication in client-centered therapy. In G. Wyatt (Ed. ) Rogers’ Therapeutic Conditions: Evolution, Theory and Practice, Volume I Congruence. (pp. 55-78) Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Eells, T. D. 2007) Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation. New York: Guilford. Elliott, R. (2002). The effectiveness of humanistic therapies: A meta-analysis. In D. J. Cain J. Seeman (Eds. ). Humanistic Psychotherapies: Handbook of Research and Practice (pp. 57-81). Washington, D. C. : American Psychological Association. Kirschenbaum, H. , Henderson, V. L. (Eds. ) (1989). The Carl Rogers Reader. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Kirschenbaum, H. , Jourdan, A. (2005). The current status of Carl Rogers and the Person-Centered Approach. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42 (1), pp. 37-51. Lambert, M. J. Ed. ). (2004). Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (5th Ed. ). New York: Wiley. Lietaer, G. , Rombauts, J. , Van Balen, R. (1990). Client centered and experiential psychotherapy in the nineties. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. Luborsky, L. , Singer, B. Luborsky, L. (1975). Comparative studies of psychotherapies: Is it true that â€Å"everyone has won and all must have prizes†? Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 995-1008. Mearns, D. (2003). Problem-centered is not person-centered. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 3(2), 88-101. Mier, S. Witty, M. (2004). Considerations of race and culture in the practice of non-directive client-centered therapy. In R. Moodley, C. Lago, A. Talahite (Eds. ), Carl Rogers counsels a Black client (pp. 85-104). Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Miller, R. B. (2004). Facing human suffering: Psychology and psychotherapy as moral engagement. Washington, D. C. : APA. Moon, K. (2002). Nondirective client-centered work with children. In J. C. Watson, R. N. Goldman M. S. Warner (Eds. ), Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy in the 21st century: Advances in theory, research and practice (pp. 485-492), Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Moon, K. (in press). A client-centered review of Rogers with Gloria. Journal of Counseling Development. Muran, C. (2007). Dialogues on difference: Studies of diversity in the therapeutic relationship. Washington, D. C. : APA. Patterson, J. , Albala, A. A. , McCahill, M. E. , Edwards, T. M. (2006). The therapist’s guide to psychopharmacology: Working with patients, families, and physicians to optimize care. New York: Guilford. Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95–103. Rogers, C. R. (1959a). The essence of psychotherapy: A client-centered view. Annals of Psychotherapy, 1, 51–57. Rogers, C. R. (1959b). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed. ), Psychology: A study of science, Vol. 3. Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 184 –256). New York: McGraw-Hill. Ryan, R. M. Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68 – 78. Sanders, P. (Ed. ), The tribes of the person-centred nation: An introduction to the schools of therapy related to the person-centered approach. ISBN: 1898059608 Available from: www. pccs-books. co. uk (On reserve) Sanders, P. (Ed. ) (2003). To lead an honorable life: A collection of the work of John M. Shlien. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Schmid, P. F. (2003). The characteristics of a person-centered approach to therapy and counseling: Criteria for identity and coherence. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 2(2), 104-120. Sommerbeck, L. (2003). The client-centered therapist in psychiatric contexts: A therapist’s guide to the psychiatric landscape and its inhabitants. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. Wampold, B. E. (2006). Not a scintilla of evidence to support empirically supported treatments as more effective than other treatments. In J. C. Norcross, L. E. Beutler R. F. 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Managing Strategic Resources and Operations Wal-Mart Stores Inc

Question: Discuss about the case study of Managing Strategic Resources and Operations of Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Answer: Introduction Operations and Supply Chain Management are identified as important factors for the success of any international retail business in the present business scenario. Supply Chain Management is a process of integrating and coordinating the flow of materials, finance and information from the manufacturers to suppliers to wholesalers to vendors and finally to the customers. Hence, it involves the operations of procurement and distribution that are the major activities of the firm (Sehgal, 2011). The paper has been developed to analyse the supply chain management strategy of Wal-Mart, which is a well established retailer business in across 13 countries over the globe. The paper will observe and analyse the Wal-Marts Supply Chain system that is used by the company to seek success and grow its businesses on the global platform. He paper will also present various supply chain theories that are applied by the company to carry on its operations in the international market. Furthermore, the sustai nable value network used by the company will be analysed and a counter argument will be presented on Wal-Marts sustainability regarding its Supply Chain System. Background of Wal-Mart Stores Wal-Mart Stores Inc. is one of the leading retailer businesses with its operations in 28 countries across the globe. It has around 11,000 stores across the globe with around 63 banners. According to the Fortune Global reports, Wal-Mart has been identified as the largest retailer company regards to its revenue in the year 2014. The company is a family business that is owned and controlled by Walton family. It employs around 2.2 million people throughout the world. The major markets for Wal-Mart are the US, Canada, Australia and the UK market. According to the market report, it is also the worlds most valuable company with its present revenue of around $480 billion. Wal-Mart is the largest grocery retailer business in the US market. Wal-Mart has number of suppliers and deals with several renowned brands across the globe. Currently, the company has implemented an e-commerce platform to increase its market reach and develop its business model (Khan Ashta, 2013). Hence, it can be seen th at Wal-Mart is the market leader in the global grocery retail industry. Global Retail Industry The increase spending of the consumers and the falling price of oils has not supported the growth of retail industry due to the rise in competition in the international market. It can be seen that the number of sellers has increased at a higher pace as compared to the number of buyers. On the other hand, people have become more conscious about the quality of products and the services rendered by the international organizations (Jacoby Economist, 2014). It can be seen that the rate of competition has increased with the introduction of the online platform that has made the entry of retail business in the international market easier. If some examples are considered, it can be seen that websites like eBay, Amazon and others have brought a drastic change in the retail industry (Frazelle, 2012). These companies offered better buying experience with their integrated online technology. Hence, it can be seen that it is important for any international retail organisation to implement the e-co mmerce business model to fight the growing competition and survive in the current business environment (Colla Dupuis, 2012). Furthermore, there is a need of sustainable value chain model that will develop the supply chain system used by the organisation. The use of a proper supply chain model is necessary for success Wal-Mart in the current global retail industry. Development of Wal-Marts Supply Chain The dramatic turnaround of Wal-Marts supply chain management has been largely featured significant suppliers, better transportation system, innovative warehouse-style outlets, e-commerce business portal and efficient product distribution channels. Herein, a brief discussion has been presented to show the development of Wal-Marts supply chain. The low-cost retail outlets of Wal-Mart have been significantly contributed to reaching the business at the highest position in the market. Supply Chain Strategy and Design In order to become one of the largest product sellers of the global retail industry, Wal-Mart has identified sustainable logistics management strategies to create a different identity among the target demographics. Meanwhile, promising supply chain management strategy of Wal-Mart includes sustainable resource allocation and energy reduction (Blanchard, Comm, Mathaisel, 2008). Based on advanced technology and transportation, the retail strategy of Wal-Mart has been executed so that low-priced products can be presented towards the customers. Bulk merchandising product strategy has been utilised by the Wal-Mart stores that can control the demand and supply of products. Meanwhile, effective sales and operational planning and inventory management have contributed to the success of the retail business of Wal-Mart. Procurement and Distribution By reducing the purchasing costs, Wal-Mart can offer products at the most affordable prices to the customers creating a significant advantage. In business procurement, Wal-Mart purchases goods and products directly from the manufacturers and farmers bypassing the entire intermediates. In logistics management, Wal-Mart follows strict price negotiating rules and prioritises the best deal price (Margulis Yoshpe, 2014). In such way, the organisation certifies that the products are bought at the most affordable prices so that customers would be benefited. By understanding the cost structure of the suppliers and vendors, Wal-Mart follows a transparent procedure so that manufacturers can negotiate on products. Most importantly, the organisation prefers local vendors so that margin on costs can be reduced. In the case of the distribution process, Wal-Mart has spent significant finance on distribution centre to control the distribution channels. Meanwhile, the organisation has developed distribution centres at perfect geographical locations to control the efficient distribution of products. For online business platform, the organisation has maintained its own warehouse and supplied almost 85 percent of ordered products from the inventory (Gopalakrishna Subramanian, 2008). For efficient product distribution channels, the distribution cost of Wal-Mart has been reduced down to mere 3 percent whereas the competitors have to put 5 percent for distribution costs. Also, effective management of distribution system has utilised barcode technology to identify the manufactured date and pricing in the most effective way (Nagurney, 2010). Logistics Management The fast and highly approachable transportation system of Wal-Marts logistic infrastructure has been critically contributed towards the success of supply chain networks. For significant retail stores services, the distribution system has been operated in a scheduled process. The coordination between the management and services has been developed in an efficient manner so that there will be no loss of timing (Chiou, 2009). The loading and unloading services have been maintained by using efficient technology so that scheduling will be perfect in each of the occasion. In order to deliver the best distribution procedure, cross docking logistics system has been maintained so that distributors can directly pick up the manufactured products and goods to the warehouse (Perks, 2014). In the case of online business, the role of the distribution centres and stores are not significant. Retail Strategy Identifying the market consumers in every possible department, Wal-Mart has promoted best pricing strategy in the retail business creating a significant competitive advantage over other departmental store services such as Coles. By promoting quality products at a low-priced range, Wal-Mart has developed its own retail strategy to become the best portion of available market share. Also, the online discount strategy has been promoted through the advertisements to increase the sales (Clemons, 2012). The efficient logistics ideas and management have provided the chance to reduce the operational costs of retail business. Such efficient retail strategies have been the trademark of business success of Wal-Mart in the local markets. Information Systems The information system promoted by Wal-Mart is technically efficient to meet all the requirements of the buyers community. By understanding the responsibility towards the customers, the organisation has developed systematic store-level information channels so that the purchasers can be updated about the new products and services. In the case of product merchandising, the organisation has developed efficient in-store promotions and information of products. In the distribution centres, the quality of products, manufacturing date and date of expiry have been monitored so that any faults of the suppliers can be overturned. Also, the information about the grocery products and farm items has been maintained efficiently to manage any issues regarding quality (Lacoste, 2016). Human Resources Human resources of Wal-Mart have highly contributed to the efficient supply chain management of the firm. By promoting encouraging ideas towards the suppliers and distributors, the organisational subordinates help the associates to grow their service facilities and infrastructure. Based on the balanced scorecard of business, the subordinates have readjusted the business layouts to become more competitive (Drake, 2012). Also, efficient feedback from the regular customers has been helpful to improvise the service structure according to the suitability of the purchasers. As Wal-Mart is a multinational retail business, the organisational staffs have to deal with different cultures and language (Gillespie, 2006). Therefore, identifying the most suitable approaches towards the suppliers, distributors and trading partners, Wal-Mart has secured momentous progress in the business. Sales and Operations Planning Sales and operations planning can be identified as one of the key features of the developed supply chain management of Wal-Mart. By identifying the market popularity of any product, the sales team has promoted significant demand-supply analysis to get the maximum benefit out of the product. Also, in the case of managing the sales and organisational operations, significant training and development programmes have been organised for the staff members to deal with the customers in a most suitable way (Ghemawat, 2006). According to the sales and demand, the inventory has been managed using modern technology. In this way, both time and investment can be saved for the organisation. Forecasting Business forecasting is another vital parameter for the supply chain management of Wal-Mart. By acknowledging the supply and demand of products, the sales team has identified most suitable inventory management procedure suitable for business growth. Herein, the incredible logistics management and supply chain network of Wal-Mart can play a massive role to decrease the inventory reducing the cost of inventory management. Efficient inventory management system and business analysis can be highly admired for the job (Freeman, 2006). Hence, proper sales forecasting within a market has helped the business to minimise additional business costs. Sustainable value networks of the business have also contributed to the business forecasting of the firm. Wal-Marts Supply Chain Strategy Keeping Sales Growth Higher Than Inventory Growth In order to succeed in the current business scenario, the Wal-Mart management decided to keep the inventory growth rate slower as compared to the sales growth rate. This strategy will be helpful in increasing the demand in the market and provide the company with a better revenue model. The company decided to eliminate the excess inventory that would reduce the operational costs by around $6 billion. Hence, the strategic move of the management would help the company to reduce the operational expenses and increases the profit ratio (Feinstein Stefanelli, 2012). Furthermore, the money invested on buying the excessive inventory can be used in developing the e-commerce platform and other business activities of the company. It can be seen that Wal-Mart invested the money on marketing and promotional activities in place of keeping excessive inventory that increased the sales figure for the company. It is important for any organisation to maintain the Just-In-Time strategy that reduces the operational costs by minimising the procurement expenses and the expenses of maintaining a larger inventory (Ritchie-Dunham Rabbino, 2011). Hence, it can be seen that the new strategy of Wal-Mart helped the company to increase its revenue by around 22% and became a major factor supporting the survival and growth of business in the global retail industry. Sustainable Value Networks Wal-Mart has been developing value added networks of non-profit organisations, government agencies, suppliers and employees to make it supply chain system green. It has been focussing on reducing the economic externalities and environmental issues by improvising new technologies and green strategies. In the past years, Wal-Mart narrowly aimed at improving its operations and supply chain systems, but with increase concerned among the public, the company has shifted its supply chain system into green strategies to improve its status in the international market and seek growth (Rothwell Kazanas, 2013). The green supply chain policy of the company has been identified as a core competency of the organisation that has allowed Wal-Mart to seek competitive advantage over its rivals. A table has been given below that presents the Wal-Marts sustainable value networks and the goals that has implemented by the Wal-Mart management to have a sustainable supply chain system. Wal-Marts Sustainable Value Networks Goals Networks To supply products by 100% renewable energy Alternative Fuels Greenhouse Gas Strategy Global Logistics Energy, Construction, Design Maintenance Tocreatezerowaste Internal Procurement Operations Packaging Tosellgoodsthat sustain our environment and resources Chemical Intensive Products Electronics Food Agriculture Seafood Forest Paper Jewelry Textiles It can be seen from the above table that Wal-Mart management aims to reduce the waste produced during the operations and sell products that sustain the environment and natural resources. Furthermore, the company aims to supply products using 100% renewable energy (Harris, Watson, Leopold, 2015). Wal-Mart has implemented necessary strategies to save the environment and follow sustainable approach in its supply chain system. Counter Arguments to Wal-Mart sustainability Wal-Mart has increasingly focused on sustainability initiatives to improve its operations and supply chain system. But, as the history dictates that there is always a reason to worry, there has been much criticism against the green policy of Wal-Mart Supply Chain System. Many people say that Wal-Mart management is not able to sustain the green initiatives implemented by company. The company needs to spend around $550 million to make it supply chain system sustainable and achieve its targeted goals. Hence, it can be seen that the company faces different challenges to carry on its operations according to the sustainable strategy. It faces challenges regards to increased costs, criticism of factory labour conditions and sub-optimal product assortment. Hence, it is important for the company to take these challenges seriously and improvise new strategies to minimise the issues (Hollenbeck, Zinkhan, Keller, 2006). The company may buy products from new suppliers that would help to reduce t he procurement expenses. Furthermore, it can initiate the reduced inventory strategy to minimise the costs. Hence, a new way of supply chain system can be helpful for the company to seek success in the overwhelming competitive market. Conclusion Throughout the discussion of the supply chain management of Wal-Mart, one thing is significantly clear that the organisation has selected some of the best picking systems and maintenance technology to manage the supply and inventory of products at the cheapest way. Proper inventory control, barcode technology, transportation system and scheduling have been chosen wisely so that the business hours of stores and distribution channels can be utilised at the highest probability. Furthermore, more than 10,000 retail suppliers of Wal-Mart have been linked to the retail channel to maximise the sales and inventory management. Effective investment and e-commerce system of Wal-Mart has significantly contributed to work out most significant contingency plans supportive for business growth. In order to provide uninterrupted services towards the massive client base, Wal-Marts supply chain management and logistic strategies have played massive roles. Meanwhile, it is the supply chain management of the company that binds the stockholders, distributors, customers and suppliers of Wal-Mart. References Blanchard, C., Comm, C., Mathaisel, D. (2008). Adding value to service providers: benchmarking Wal Mart.Benchmarking: An International Journal,15(2), 166-177. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770810864875 Chiou, L. (2009). 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